Der Versicherungsmarkt in Litauen war lange Zeit wenig beachtet. Das änderte sich, als vor sechs Jahren die private Versicherungsunternehmen zugelassen wurden, als vor einem Jahr das Monopol der staatlichen Versicherungsanstalt zu Ende gekommen ist und das neue Versicherungsgesetz in Kraft getreten hat. Mit dem Inkrafttreten des neuen Versicherungsgesetzes werden die Versicherungsprämien als die Kosten des Unternehmen betrachten.
Der litauische Versicherungsmarkt hat binnen zwei letzen Jahren um etwa % gewachsen, und dieser Trend hält ungebrochen an.
Litauens Wirtschaft hat in den vergangenen Jahren die makroekonomische Daten verbessert: die sinkende Inflation, das steigende BSP, das steigende Export. Dieser Fortschritt hat nicht nur Wohlstand mit sich gebracht, sondern auch zu einer komplexeren Sozialstruktur und veränderten Lebensbedingungen geführt. Aufgrund dessen ist die Nachfrage nach Versicherungsleistungen ebenfalls gewachsenen.
Der litauische Versicherungsmarkt wird vom Sachversicherungsgeschäft dominiert, das ca. zwei Drittel des Marktes ausmacht gegenüber einem Drittel für das Lebensversicherungsgeschäft, wie sich aus dem Prämienaufkommen ergibt.
Die jährliche Wachstumsrate des Versicherungsmarktes (56,43%, Jahr 1998) übersteigt das Gesamtwirtschaftswachstum (5,1%). Allerdings ist zu betonen, daß der litauische Versicherungsmarkt befindet sich noch in der Aufbauphase. Dies begründet auch die Versicherungsdichte (206,92 Litas), die Versicherungsdurchdringung (0,86%) das Verhältnis von Versicherungsverträgen zur Bevölkerung (45,90%).
Die Struktur der Sachversicherungsmarktes ist stark oligopolisch. Über 70% des Versicherungsgeschäftes wird von vier größten Versicherungsunternehmen abgewickelt.
Die Struktur der Lebensversicherungsmarktes ist wesentlich oligopolischer. Über 90% des Versicherungsgeschäftes wird von der ehemaligen staatlichen Versicherungsanstalt , die inzwischen von dem dänischen Versicherer CODAN gekauft worden ist, abgewickelt.
Der Artikel umfaßt auch die Entwicklungstendenzen der Privatversicherung in Litauen und diese Tendenzen werden wirtschaftlich bewertet.
The problem of increasing competitiveness of diversificated organisations interrelates with the managers skill to employ the strategy management mechanisms in corporation management practice.
The role of manager in usage of the possibility of the synergy effects and the sources of these effects are discussed. The management practice is analysed and the generalised concept of seek to get synergy effect in corporation is proposed.
The importance of corporation managers intercourse logic for conciliation interests of influence groups is discussed. The profit on using of predominate collaboration logic is investigated, and the positive examples of put this logic in corporation management practice is discussed. On the basis of using predominant collaboration logic inside the country for increasing competitiveness outside country the concept of wording compatible strategy for transit through Klaipėda seaport is proposed.
In recent years, however, a number of developments have occurred in the business and market environment that have deeply effected the role and functioning of export credit insurance agencies. Traditionally, the Government is involved in export credit insurance policy. This is partly due to the interlocking between export credit and export promotion policies, but also because, at least the government is considered the only institution in a position to bear the risk connected with export transactions. The export credit insurance system of Lithuania is still underdeveloped. Accordingly, government will need to take concrete steps to build on an efficient and effective supportive mechanism of export credit insurance. By covering exporters from commercial and political risks, the export credit insurance company reassures them that they will be paid and gives them the necessary confidence to export. Once the major risks associated with export transactions have been removed, exporters are able to concentrate on production, quality, marketing and other determinants.
The internal mechanism of the existence of an economic system that ensures the interaction of economic phenomena is twofolded by its nature. The existence of a system can be expressed by the abundance of limit twofoldednesses: objectivity subjectivity; naturalness artificiality; self-organisation organisation; accidentality regularity; chaos order; appearance disappearance; complexity simplicity; closedness openness; statics dynamics; stability variability; freedom compulsion; influence from personalities influence from political groups; etc.
The twofoldedness of existence of an economic system has an objective and subjective foundation: on the one hand, the existence is determined by regularities of functioning of the major complex systems; on the other hand, their dynamics is affected by the subjective factor, its diverse forms of manifestation, including the intellect that can foresee the variants of system development and turn it the direction wanted. People can recognise processes and influence them. People can create new life styles and alternative behaviour.
I would assume that some kinds of twofoldedness of existence of an economic system should be considered initial ones transferring essential natural features into others. The comprehension of the natural twofoldedness is an important step in modelling derivative, transitional periods. To natural twofoldedness could be ascribed naturalness artificiality, and selforganisation organisation.
The economic system is noted by way of self-organisation on the whole. The self-organisation of an economic system is a universal and general principle for its emergence and existence that does not depend on time and place (in place and time, certainly, only the form and range, the acknowledgement and negation, the limitation and encouragement of self-organisation may differ).
A concrete economic system is noted for its exact way of external organisation, i.e., a concrete economic system has its own specifics. The organisation of the economic system depends on time and place, on goals of subjects participating in it and on their competence. In other words, different economic systems are noted for different ways of conscious organisation. Organisation could be regarded as a quality consciously ascribed to the economic system and improvement of the universal form of movement of the matter. If we want to understand the peculiarities of one or another economic system, we have to establish its structure and special ways of organisation.
With regard to origin, functioning and possible transformation of the economic system, the following organisational forms of its existence should be specified: a) economic self-organisation that describes economics as a spontaneously developing, self-renewing, continuous phenomenon; b) economic organisation that introduces economics as an externally developed artificial phenomenon; c) economic disorganisation that expresses partial or whole destruction of organisation of the system and describes economics as an externally improved and modified artificial phenomenon; d) economic reorganisation that involves partial or whole construction of organisation of the system and describes economics as an externally renewed artificial phenomenon.
The purpose of article to overvew methodics of analysis of prediction the financial distress of enterprise using financial statements and other information which play an important role in distress prediction.
In the article there are suggested following methodics of analysis:
1) evaluation items of financial statements
2) using of financial ratios
3) analysis of relations liquidity and profitability.
The effectiveness of this methodics was practicaly evaluated by using indicators of the Lithuanian diary enterprises 19951999.
Pereinamuoju laikotarpiu daugelis naujai atsiradusių verslininkų ir verslų, o ypač mažos ir vidutinės bendrovės, susiduria su įvairiomis veiklos problemomis iki pat galimybės išlikti. Tai lemia įvairūs išorės ir vidaus veiklos veiksniai. Veiklai valdyti šiomis sąlygomis reikia lankstumo ir paslankumo. Tuo tikslu naudojami įvairūs valdymo ištekliai, metodai ir priemonės, tarp kurių viena iš labiausiai paplitusių ir svarbių laikytinos informacinės technologijos (IT).
Šiame straipsnyje apibendrinti atliktos Lietuvos ir JAV mažose ir vidutinėse bendrovėse ir organizacijose apklausos rezultatai, o tai leido detaliau pažvelgti į informacinių technologijų (IT) naudojimo problemas, ypač kreipiant dėmesį į pagalbą sprendžiant problemines situacijas ir priimant sprendimus nestandartinėmis situacijomis. Šis apibendrinimas leidžia geriau suvokti, kas lemia sprendimų paramos technologijų naudojimą valdant mažas ir vidutines bendroves. Straipsnyje apžvelgiami įvairūs IT naudojimo aspektai įdiegti valdymo uždaviniai, veiklos problemos, naudojamos sprendimams informacijos šaltiniai, apdorojimo metodai, formalių ir euristinių metodų santykis, sprendimų programinės įrangos patogaus naudojimo savybės. Be to, straipsnyje pateikiamos galimos tolesnės šios krypties tyrimo gairės.
The impact of innovations on economic growth, restructuring and industrial competitiveness has been analysed in the article. The types of innovation policies, their formation and practical experience in industrial countries are being reviewed. The problems of using of innovation potential and problems of competitiveness enlargement are analysed. Concrete proposals on innovation policy and financial funds in Lithuania are given.
The paper aims to describe a strategy for promotion of economic growth in Lithuania. Description of the strategy in some detail is a rather considerable work and would need cooperation with experts in many fields of economy. The paper thus is an introduction to the strategy formulation trying to outline the main features of development policies. Most importantly, we try to stress the views of modern economic theories on long run growth according to which decisive contribution to economic growth belongs to knowledge and existence of respective incentives whereas growth of investment and labor force without technological upgrading have minor role. Development of high-technology production is necessary condition to achieve high standard of living. Lithuania has all needed components to start that development without delay; some features of the corresponding program are presented. Prospects of Lithuanias economic growth in medium term are also outlined for the main sectors of real production. Here, utilization of idle capital capacities and unemployed labor force are serious source of immediate economic growth.
The article aims to assess the impact of the current changes in health care financing system on the structure of health care services. As the changes during the last two years of the number of hospitalizations and attendance of the out-patient institutions show, the incentives of the provider payment methods have the impact on the imbalancing of the health care system. The possibilities of the health care financing system to create the incentives to efficiency outcomes of health care were not used enough. The article present recommendations on the development of the health care financing administration which are helpful in creating the conditions associated with the reduction of the expenditures.
