LIETUVOS ISTORIJOS STUDIJOS

Redaktorių kolegija:

prof. Aleksandras Mylnikovas (Aleksadr Myl'nikov), St. Peterburgas
prof. Henrikas Samsonovičius (Henryk Samsonowicz), Varšuva
prof. Svenas Ekdahlis (Seven Ekdahl), Berlynas
prof. Julijušas Bardachas (Juliusz Bardach), Varšuva
prof. Edvardas Gudavičius, Vilnius (VU)
prof. Mečislovas Jučas, Vilnius (VU)
doc. Sigitas Jegelevičius, Vilnius (ats. red. pavaduotojas)
doc. Alfredas Bumblauskas, Vilnius (VU)

Adresas ir telefonai:

Vilniaus universiteto Istorijos fakultetas,
Universiteto 7
Tel: 620560, 762763

Turinys

Straipsniai ir pranešimai

Vygintas Bronius Pšibilskis. Antrosios Lietuvos idėja Kazio Pakšto Nepriklausomybės laikotarpio darbuose
Loreta Skurvydaitė. Lietuvos valdovo titulas ir valdžia XIV a. pab. - XV a. viduryje.
Jurgita Šiaučiūnaitė-Verbickienė. Ką rado Trakuose Žilberas de Lanua, arba kas yra Trakų žydai
Aldona Vasiliauskienė. Edvardo Turausko gyvenimo ir veiklos epizodai
Tomas Manusadžianas. Naugardo politinė raida 1456-1470 m.

Knygų lentynoje

Mečislovas Jučas. Rec.: Norman Davies. Lenkijos istorija. I tomas. Vilnius, 1998. 637 p.
Saulius Kaubrys. Rec.: Česlovas Mančinskas. Aukštasis mokslas Lietuvoje 1918-1940 metais. Vilnius, 1996. 244 p.

Jų šviesus atminimas

J. Boruta SJ. Paulius Rabikauskas SJ (1920 08 16 - 1998 03 07)

S A N T R A U K O S

The idea of the second Lithuania in Kazys Pakštas’s works of
independence period

VYGINTAS BRONIUS PŠIBILSKIS

Profesorius habilituotas daktaras Vilniaus universiteto politologijos katedra
Tel. 762763

A prominent Lithuanian geographer, geopolitician, public-spirited person Kazys Pakštas became famous with his inspiring ideas, projects, visions. The present article analyses one of the most controversial ideas from K. Pakštas’s creative heritage - the idea of the second "spare" Lithuania. On the base of the works of the scientist, which were written both in the Republic of Lithuania and exile, the author discusses the social economic aspect which mutured the position of the researcher towards the Lithuanian emigrants, reconstructs the idea of concentrated colonisation.

A part of the article is devoted to the studies by K. Pakštas of the Lithuanian anthropological economy and capacity, of the problem of overpopulation and the ways to solve it. K. Pakštas was the first one, who tried to single out the main stages of transatlantic Lithuanian mass emigration and foresaw a rather quick vanish of Lithuanian emigrants. On the ground of the evidence drawn from Italy, Germany, Poland, Russia and the other states, K. Pakštas formulated the idea of planned enigration and concentrated colonisation, analysed the circumstances for colonisation in the South and North America, Africa, Australia and other countries. Even after a long research, the scientist could not provide the answer to the question which place is best suited for the colonisation. He was sure, that an important reserve of lithuanianism for a little nation in a dangerous region could be the well-administered emigrants rallied to a carefully selected place.

Title and Power of the Ruler of Lithuania During the End of
the Fourteenth Up to the Middle of the Fifteenth Century

LORETA SKURVYDAITĖ

Doktorantė Vilniaus universiteto Istorijos teorijos ir kultūros istorijos katedra
Tel. 687288

Title of the Lithuanian ruler was developed during the most difficult period of Lithuania’s history which coincide with the consolidation of personal and national power of Vytautas in the Polish-Lithuanian union.

While establishing the self-independent Lithuania state, Vytautas create the title of Lithuanian rule Magnus Dux Lithuaniae, Russiae etc. According to the agreements between Jogaila, the king of Poland and Vytautas, the latter acquired the title of the duke of Trakai first, followed by duke of Lithuania and final the Grand Duke. In foreign affairs Vytautas acted using the highest title, which he styled himself, while trying to reach this status in the GDL in a legal way. This large variety of Vytuatas’ titles can be explained by the lack of settled norms concerning the titles. Neverthelless, the political conception of Vytautas - the establishment of an independent Lithuanian state ruled by independent rulers - found its representation in the field of sphragistics and titles. The title of grand duke was a part of Vytautas political programme which had to be fulfilled by the crown of a king.

When the conflict for the Vytautas heritage started, position of Lithuanian ruler towards the sovereign rule as well as title become very complicated. The title of the grand duke of Lithuania did not coincide automatically with the content of the power of Lithuanian ruler. It was impossible to become the ruler of Lithuania without the acknowledgement of the grand duke title.

Vytautas created this grand duke title using his real power in the country, i. e. being actual ruler. His successors Švitrigaila and Žygimantas Kęstutaitis while having this, already created, title tried to consolidate their power. Vytautas established this title while using his power, Žygimantas Kęstutaitis used his title to consolidate his rule over the country.

The title of the grand duke becomes the reality of Lithuanian political life and the rulers use it for their policy.

Wen fand Ghillebert de lannoy in Trakai oder was bedeutet
"Jude von Trakai"

JURGITA ŠIAUČIŪNAITĖ-VERBICKIENĖ

Doktorantė Vilniaus universiteto Senovės ir vidurinių amžių istorijos katedra
Tel. 68 72 97

Wegen der ungenügend kritischen Einschätzung der Forscherbehauptungen vom Ende des 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts bürgerte sich ein einseitiges Verständnis des Begriffes "Jude von Trakai" im Sinne des Karäers (Karaimes) ein, der bis Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts gebraucht wurde; damit bekommt Trakai den Status einer besonderen Stadt des Litauischen Großfürstentums, in der sich Juden und Karäer wegen der unüberwindbaren religiösen Unterschiede nicht vertragen konnten. So wurde ein im der Historiographie nur im der Form einer schüchternen Annahme aufgetauchter Gedanke verworfen, daß in Trakai auch eine Gemeinde der Juden Rabinisten funktionierte. Im Artikel wird nämlich diese Annahme geprüft; als Ausgangspunkt dient die Analogie zwischen den Begriffen "Jude von Trakai" und "Jude von Luzk", wobei man weiß, daß in Luzk zwei Gemeinden - eine karäische und eine jüdische - funktionierte, gennant mit einem Begriff. Unter der Hinzuziehung von Akten der Litauischen Metrik und Dokumenten über die Verteilung der Staatlichen Gebühren, die ausschließlich von Juden eingetrieben wurden, wurde es klar, daß neben der Gemeinde von Karäern in Trakai auch eine Gemeinde von "anderen" Juden, d.h. von Rabinisten, funktionierte, die in allgemeinstaatlichen für Juden gegebenen Privilegien fungiert. Bei der Annahme, daß es in Trakai zwei Gemeinden - eine von Karäern und eine von Juden - gab, finden zwei inhaltlich unvereinbare, für verschiedene nationale Minderheiten gegebene Privilegien leicht ihre wirklichen Adressaten zurück: das Privilegium von Vytautas dem Großen von 1388 für Juden und das Privilegium von Kasimir von 1447 für Karäer von Trakai, obwohl sie bisher als einander ergänzend galten oder man die Authentizität des Privilegiums von Vytautas dem Großen bezweifelte. Nach der Entdeckung der Zweideutigkeit der Termine "Jude von Trakai" und "Jude von Luzk" wird Trakai zu der ersten Stadt des ethnischen Litauen, die die Gemeinden von Juden und Karäern aufgenomen hat.

Some episodes form E. Turauskas’ life and activities

ALDONA VASILIAUSKIENĖ

Doktorantė Vilniaus universiteto Senovės ir vidurinių amžių istorijos katedra
Tel. 68 72 97

The Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science (LCAS), restored in Lithuania in 1990, seeks to rescue from oblivion the distinguished people of our nation - statemen, scholars, clergymen and public activists who werer completely ignored during the Soviet period. Various jubilee celebrations serve this purpose. In 1996 scientific jubilee conferences to commemorate Edvardas Turauskas’ 30^th death and 100^th birth anniversaries were held in Vilnius, Endriejavas, Panevėžys, Kaunas... In this connection numerous articles were published in periodicals, talks held over the radio and a special booklet made up by A. Vasiliauskienė was issued by the ELTA covering the main periods of his life and activities. In this way a lot or people learned of E. Turauskas, a striking personality of our nation.

Edvardas Turauskas was director of the political department of the Lithuanian Foreign Ministry, the plenipotentiery minister of Lithuania for Chechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Roumania, Lithuania’s delegate at the Union of Nations, the counsellor of the Embassy in Berne, Switzerland, the director of the ELTA who served the longest term in this office in inter-war Lithuania, a participant of international conferences, the editor of the daily "Rytas" and co-worker of numerous newspappers and magazines, a scholar, a person with deep Christian beliefs, an activist of the Ateitininkai movement (the first to write its history) and a member of the LCAS. He lived and worked for Lithuania, he fought for its freedom and independence...

The paper reviews the most prominent periods of E. Turauskas’ life and activities and expresses a hope that it way serve as a step leading to a detailed monograph on E. Turauskas.

Novgorod’s political development in 1456-1470

TOMAS MANUSADŽIANAS

Doktorantas, Vilniaus universiteto Istorijos teorijos ir kultūros istorijos katedra
Tel. 68 72 88

This article is the first part of a work - "Novgorod at the political cross-roads before annexation to Moscow" (1456-1478). The work deals with a situation of Novgorod’s choice of political dependence between Moscow and Lithuania during the last period of Novgorod’s independence.

In the article there is presented introductory part of the mentioned work - foreword and objectives of the work. The conception of Novgorod political development (1456-1478), "prehistory" of the subject and the chronological period of 1456-1470 are also discussed.

From the second half of XIII c. to the middle of XV c., Novgorod belonged to political system of Vladimir Moscow Grand Duke practically without intermissions, and rejected rare attempts of involvement in a lithuanian political system.

During the period of 1456-1470, Novgorod made no attempts to leave the subordination of Vladimir Grand Duke. Lithuania also overtly didn’t try to include Novgorod to its own political system - lithuanian dukes in Novgorod had traditional status of "service dukes". Conclusively, the situation of the choice of political dependence didn’t take place in the period.

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