PSICHOLOGIJA. (Psychology) 1995, vol. 14The annual journal of Vilnius University. Founded in 1980. The articles are published in Lithuanian and other languages. |
The editorial board:
Egle Rimkute, Vilnius University
Danguole Beresneviciene, Vilnius Pedagogical University
Danute Gailiene, Vilnius University
Albina Kepalaite, Siauliai Pedagogical University
Feliksas Laugalys, Vilnius University
Virginijus Lepeska, Vilnius University
Birute Pociute, Vilnius University
Aldona Palujanskiene, Vytautas Magnus University
Mindaugas Rugevicius, Klaipedos University
Contact Address:
Didlaukio 47, Vilnius 2057, Lithuania
Dr. GINTAUTAS VALICKAS
Dept. of General and Educational Psychology, Vilnius University, Didlaukio 47, Vilnius, Lithuania
The article deals with different aspects of development of deviant personality: 1. General mechanisms of the development of personality and its functioning in particular conditions. 2. The reciprocity between internal and external factors of development of personality. 3. Value system and self-esteem of personality and its role in the development of deviant behaviour. The analysis of various data suggests that striving to raise one's self-esteem is a general nonspecific factor, which may stimulate various forms of deviant behaviour. The main point in the development of positive self-esteem is the reorientation of personality to another (deviant) value system. Different means of neutralization of internal and external demand are analysed as the intermediate in the process of personality orientation from prosocial to antisocial ways of development.
JUNONA ALMONAITIENE,
Postgraduate student, Dept. of Psychology, Vytautas Magnus University, Donelaicio 52, Kaunas, Lithuania
S. Freud's and C. Jung's approaches to creativity are presented briefly in this article and an attempt to evaluate them from today's perspective is given. Some results of contemporary empirical research induce new interest these classical approaches. Their wideness, globality, and attention to the real creative works of wellknownn authors seem to be important positive traits, especially in comparison with much rather petty contemporary experimental research concerning creativity. The revelation of the problem of creativity's uncounscious motives is the most important merit of S. Freud and C. Jung. It seems to the author, nevertheless, that S. Freud's creativity explanation gives wider perspective to further explorations in comparison with Jung's.
ZILVINAS PAULAUSKAS,
Postgraduate student, Dept. of General and Educational Psychology, Vilnius University, Didlaukio 47, Vilnius, Lithuania
The aim of this article is to present a short review of the origin of "intellect" notion and the evolution of the treatment of this concept. The best known theories of intellect such as structural theories -two-factorial and multifactorial (both theories of equivalent factors, both hierarchic factors) - and dynamic theories (theories of the development of intelligence) or the treatment of intellect with theory of information are presented in the first part of this paper.
In the second part of the article the problem of the measurement of intellect, the development of the investigation of intelligence, and indicators of intellectual abilities such as mental age, intelligence quotient, and the profile of the intellect's structure is described. The last part of this paper deals with current studies in the physiological correlates of intellect and the most practical questions in creating the cultural neutral tests.
Dr. ONA GURCINIENE, ALVYDAS SOLIUNAS, Doc. Dr. VYGANDAS VANAGAS,
Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vilnius University, Ciurlionio 21/27, Vilnius, Lithuania
We used backward masking to investigate the influence of pattern complexity on recognition accuracy in tachistoscopic experiments on human subjects. A rectangular frame of twelve line segments of equal length was used as a masking pattern (MP). The test patterns (TPs), which were nonverbal figures, were the parts of MPs composed by joining four, five, six, seven, and eight line-segments. The TP was presented for 10 ms, and then the MP, for 500 ms. The interstimulus interval was established for each subject individually as the shortest interval permitting a recognition accuracy of 50-90%. Each subject took part in six to eight test trials. This approach enabled us to evaluate the role of learning. In the first test trial, the smaller the number of line segments the pattern consisted of, the more accurately it was recognised by the subject. In the second and third test trials, the subject recognised the figures which differed by number of line segments with more or less the same accuracy. In the subsequent trials the figures composed of six line segments were recognised more accurately than ones composed of four, five, seven, or eight line segments. The different results of the initial test trial and the subsequent results led to the conclusion that the role of the features by which the figures were recognised had changed in the training process. The inexperienced subjects recognised the TPs by simple features (the number of line segments seemed to be the most important one) and the experienced subjects recognised them by more complex features.
Prof. Habil. Dr. HENRIKAS VAITKEVICIUS,
Dept. of General and Educational Psychology,
Dr. ZENIUS BLIZNIKAS,
Scientific Researcher, Physical Dept.
ZYDRUNAS STANKEVICIUS,
Postgraduate student, Physical Dept., Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 9, Vilnius, Lithuania
The paper deals with the problem of a construction of opponent functions, which stem from the linear summation of three receptor (R, G, B) signals. It is considered a two stages model:the stage of the receptors and the stage of the opponent cells. Each stage has its own intrinsic independent generators of noise. The color is determined by the point in three-dimensional space with the coordinates {xi}, (i=1,2,3), where xi is the value of the output signals of the opponent cells. Let V be the volume of "colour body" and the volume of sphere, where end of a color vector is located with a given probability p0. Then a ratio V/s characterizes the colour discriminability: the greater the ratio V/s, the greater the system's discriminability . It is looking for such transformation of receptor signals into opponent those (i.e. searcing a linear operator A), that the ratio V/s would be maximal. The properties of the proposed model were investigated. They fit well with theto e properties obtained in traditional psychophysic experiments: opponent colour functions, hue coefficients, wavelength and saturation discrimination, achromatic channel sensitivity, and non-additivity of brightness. This led to the conclusion that the possible role of the colour opponency is ensuring an optimal colour discriminability in human vision.
ROMA JUSIENE,
Postgraduate student, Dept. of Clinical and Social Psychology, Vilnius University, Didlaukio 47, Vilnius, Lithuania
The paper analyses three different approaches to the infant's subjective life. They are: the psychoanalytical theory, the theory of analytical psychology, and the theory of Self psychology about development in infancy, the infant-mother relationship, and the formation of personality structure.
The method of infant observation as one of the best ways to investigate the infant's subjective experiences and infant-mother relationship is presented here. The significance of the method of infant observation to the theory and practise of analytical psychology and psychoanalysis is revealed. The possibilities of applying the method of infant observation in Lithuania are discussed.